Can you share a reference that says core/compatibility has anything to do with hardware acceleration? I don’t think that is the case. I think the core profile is simply the compatibility profile with the fixed-function APIs deprecated in 3.0 removed.
For example, from the OpenGL 4.6 (Compatibility Profile) specification:
It does not say anything about whether it runs on the hardware or not, that would be up to the OpenGL implementation, but I’m pretty sure the fixed-function APIs runs on the hardware in the Intel/NVIDIA/AMD OpenGL implementations.
Regarding the issue in this thread, I think the investigation done by @lassoan and the Slicer team is the most exhaustive so far.