The error log is because VTK wasn’t built, so all of the library targets that cmake needs are missing.
For now, I suggest going back to the vcpkg vtk, because if that works, it will be the simplest way forward.
The problem there was libfreetype and the missing symbols, so try re-configuring your example against the vcpkg vtk, and then look through the generated CMakeCache.txt for freetype and other system libraries, and make sure they point to the apt-installed libraries. E.g.:
FREETYPE_INCLUDE_DIR_freetype2:PATH=/usr/include/freetype2
FREETYPE_INCLUDE_DIR_ft2build:PATH=/usr/include/freetype2
FREETYPE_LIBRARY_DEBUG:FILEPATH=FREETYPE_LIBRARY_DEBUG-NOTFOUND
FREETYPE_LIBRARY_RELEASE:FILEPATH=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libfreetype.so
It’s fine if the “DEBUG” versions of these libraries are “NOTFOUND”. I also recommend setting CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE to Release unless you specifically intend to run the example in a debugger.