Are you running an x86 version of the image ?
You can check this by replacing the CMD command with
CMD [ "uname", "-m"]
if it outputs aarch64 it means you built an arm-based docker image and vtk does not currently offer python wheels for arm on linux hence the error you are getting.
To use an x86 image on macos you need to pass --platform=linux/amd64 to the docker build/run command.