The VTK cmake configuration does not export that information, so there is no guaranteed way to detect it. This kind of stuff frustrates me all the time, too. The Kitware folks seem to want to limit the number of exported CMake variables to an absolute minimum.
It is guaranteed that find_package(PythonN) will be called if you request a Python-using component when finding VTK. There is (now?) a mention in the docs on how to request Python information at the top of vtk-config.cmake.